Advanced Exergy Analysis for a Solar Double Stage Absorption Chiller

.............................................................................................................................. i List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix Nomenclature .................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Solar Driven Absorption Chiller ............................................................................... 3 1.3 Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Solar Energy and Exergy Requirements for Fossil Fuel Formation ................... 6 1.3.2 Energy and Exergy Analysis for Solar Thermal Collectors ............................... 7 1.3.3 Energy and Exergy Analysis for Absorption Chiller Systems ........................... 8 1.3.4 Advanced Exergy Analysis for Energy Systems ................................................ 9 1.3.5 Summary of the Literature Review .................................................................. 10 1.4 Hypothesis and Methodology ................................................................................. 12 1.5 Thesis Chapter Overview ........................................................................................ 14 Chapter 2: Energy and Exergy Analysis ...................................................................... 16 2.1 Energy Analysis and the First Law of Thermodynamics ........................................ 16 2.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics .................................................................... 18 2.3 Exergy Analysis ...................................................................................................... 20 2.4 Advanced Exergy Analysis ..................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3: Efficiency Comparison for Electric and Solar Thermal Driven Chillers27 3.1 Conventional Chiller Efficiency Comparisons ....................................................... 27 3.2 Energy Pathways and Efficiencies for the Two Cooling Processes ........................ 28 3.2.1 Photosynthesis Energy Efficiency .................................................................... 28 3.2.2 Fuel Synthesis Energy Efficiency..................................................................... 31 3.2.3 Coal-Fired Power Plant Energy Efficiency ...................................................... 31 iii 3.2.4 Electric Driven Chiller Energy Efficiency ....................................................... 33 3.2.5 Solar Thermal Collector and Absorption Chiller Energy Efficiencies ............. 33 3.3 Exergy Pathways and Exergetic Efficiencies for the Two Cooling Processes ....... 35 3.3.1 Photosynthesis Exergetic Efficiency ................................................................ 35 3.3.2 Fuel Synthesis Exergetic Efficiency ................................................................. 36 3.3.3 Coal-Fired Power Plant Exergetic Efficiency .................................................. 36 3.3.4 Electric Driven Chiller Exergetic Efficiency .................................................... 36 3.3.5 Solar Thermal Collector and Absorption Chiller Exegetic Efficiencies .......... 36 3.4 System Comparison................................................................................................. 39 3.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 4: Conventional Exergy Analysis for the Parabolic Trough Solar Collector and the Double Stage Absorption Chiller ..................................................................... 43 4.1 Experimental Setup for the Parabolic Trough Solar Collector ............................... 43 4.2 Experimental Results for the Parabolic Trough Solar Collector ............................. 46 4.3 Exergy Modeling for the Parabolic Trough Solar Collector ................................... 48 4.4 Experimental Setup for the Double Stage Absorption Chiller ................................ 56 4.5 Ideal Cycles for Absorption Chillers ....................................................................... 57 4.5.1 Ideal Cycles for a Single Stage Absorption Chiller .......................................... 58 4.5.2 Ideal Cycles for a Double Stage Absorption Chiller ........................................ 59 4.6 Energy and Exergy Modeling for the Double Stage Absorption Chiller ................ 63 4.6.1 State Point Assumptions for the External Loops .............................................. 63 4.6.2 Lithium Bromide Enthalpy-Composition Diagram for Real Cycles ................ 72 4.6.3 Modeling Methodology .................................................................................... 75 4.6.4 Results of the Real Cycle Exergy Analysis ...................................................... 85 4.7 Summary ................................................................................................................. 90 Chapter 5: Advanced Exergy Analysis for a Double Stage Absorption Chiller ....... 91 5.1 Avoidable/Unavoidable Energy Destruction Analysis ........................................... 91 5.2 Endogenous/Exogenous Exergy Destruction Analysis ........................................... 96 5.2.1 Endogenous/Exogenous Exergy Destruction for the Absorber ........................ 98 5.2.2 Endogenous/Exogenous Exergy Destruction for the Condenser .................... 101 iv 5.2.3 Endogenous/Exogenous Exergy Destruction for the Evaporator ................... 104 5.2.4 Endogenous/Exogenous Exergy Destruction for the High Temperature Regenerator .............................................................................................................. 107 5.2.5 Endogenous/Exogenous Exergy Destruction for the Low Temperature Regenerator .............................................................................................................. 110 5.2.6 Endogenous/Exogenous Exergy Destruction for the High Temperature Heat Exchanger ................................................................................................................ 113 5.2.7 Endogenous/Exogenous Exergy Destruction for the Low Temperature Heat Exchanger ................................................................................................................ 116 5.2.8 Summary of Endogenous/Exogenous Exergy Destruction for all Components ................................................................................................................................. 119 5.3 Combined Analysis ............................................................................................... 120 5.4 Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................................................... 127 5.5 Summary ............................................................................................................... 130 Chapter 6: Conclusions ................................................................................................ 132 6.1 Contributions ......................................................................................................... 132 6.2 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 134 6.3 Future Work .......................................................................................................... 135 References ...................................................................................................................... 138 Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 142 Appendix 1 Codes for the Exergy Destruction Analysis in Real Cycles .................... 142 Appendix 2 Codes for the Unavoidable Exergy Destruction Analysis ....................... 147 Appendix 3 Codes for the Endogenous and Unavoidable Endogenous Exergy Destruction Analysis in the Absorber ......................................................................... 148 Appendix 4 Codes for the Endogenous and Unavoidable Endogenous Exergy Destruction Analysis in the Condenser ....................................................................... 149 Appendix 5 Codes for the Endogenous and Unavoidable Endogenous Exergy Destruction Analysis in the Evaporator ...................................................................... 150 Appendix 6 Codes for the Endogenous and Unavoidable Endogenous Exergy Destruction Analysis in the High Temperature Regenerator ...................................... 151 v Appendix 7 Codes for the Endogenous and Unavoidable Endogenous Exergy Destruction Analysis in the Low Temperature Regenerator ....................................... 152 Appendix 8 Codes for the Endogenous and Unavoidable Endogenous Exergy Destruction Analysis in the High Temperature Heat Exchanger ................................ 153 Appendix 9 Codes for the Endogenous and Unavoidable Endogenous Exergy Destruction Analysis in the Low Temperature Heat Exchanger ................................. 154